CHEMISTRY I: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
AtomsElectrons and energy
Chemical Bonding
Chemical reactions and molecules
CHEMISTRY II: WATER AND ORGANIC MOLECULES
Structure of Water
Organic Molecules
Review Questions
CELLS: ORIGINS
Origin of the Earth and Life
Is There Life on Mars, Venus, Anywhere Else??
Terms Applied to Cells.
Components of Cells
The Origins of Multicellularity
Microscopes
CELLS II: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Cell Size and Shape
The Cell Membrane
The Cell Wall
The Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Vacuoles and Vesicles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus and Dictyosomes
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Plastids
Cell Movement
Review Questions
TRANSPORT IN AND OUT OF CELLS
Water and Solute Movement
The Cell Membrane
Cells and Diffusion
Active and Passive Transport
Carrier-assisted Transport
Types of transport molecules
Vesicle-mediated transport
Review
CELL DIVISION: BINARY FISSION AND MITOSIS
The Cell Cycle
Prokaryotic Cell Division
Eukaryotic Cell Division
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Meiosis
Ploidy
Life Cycles
Phases of Meiosis
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Gametogenesis
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Laws of Thermodynamics
Potential vs. Kinetic energy
REACTIONS AND ENZYMES
Endergonic and exergonic
Oxidation/Reduction
Catabolism and Anabolism
Enzymes: Organic Catalysts
ATP AND BIOLOGICAL ENERGY
The Nature of ATP
How to Make ATP
CELLULAR METABOLISM AND FERMENTATION
Glycolysis, the Universal Process
Anaerobic Pathways
Aerobic Respiration
Mid-TermPHOTOSYNTHESIS
What is Photosynthesis?
Leaves and Leaf Structure
The Nature of Light
Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments
The structure of the chloroplast and photosynthetic membranes
Stages of Photosynthesis
The Light Reactions
Dark Reaction
C-4 Pathway
The Carbon Cycle
Review Questions
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
Heredity, historical perspectives
The Monk and his peas
Principle of segregation
Dihybrid Crosses
Mutations
GENE INTERACTIONS
Finding the genes
The modern view of the gene
Interactions among genes
Environment and gene expression
Polygenic inheritance
Pleiotropy
Genes and chromosomes
Chromosome abnormalities
DNA AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
The physical carrier of inheritance
The structure of DNA
DNA Replication
HUMAN GENETICSThe human karyotypeHuman chromosomal abnormalitiesHuman allelic disorders (recessive) Human allelic disorders (dominant)Sex-linked traits Diagnosis of human genetic diseasesRadioactive probesPROTEIN SYNTHESIS
One-gene-one-protein
The structure of hemoglobin
Viruses contain DNA
RNA links the information in DNA to the sequence of amino acids in protein
Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA sequence
The Genetic Code
Protein Synthesis
Mutations redefined
CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
The chromosome of E. coli
The operon model
Viruses
Plasmids
The eukaryotic chromosome
Replication of the eukaryotic chromosome
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
Types of chromatin
The eukaryotic genome
Transcription and processing of mRNA
Antibody-coding genes
Viruses and eukaryotes
Eukaryotic transposons
Genes, viruses and cancer
